Capitulum XIV - Discenda

I. Adjectives -

A. Uter, uterque, alter, neuter - used only when two persons or things are concerned.

1. Declension is like adjectives of the first and second declension except for the genitive and dative (weʻll get to those later)

2. essential parts (MFN nominative):

a. uter, utra, utrum

b. uterque, utraque, utrumque

c. neuter, neutra, neutrum

d. alter, altera, alterum

3. meanings:

a. uter - which (of two)? - interrogative

b. uterque - each (of two): both

c. neuter - neither (of two)

d. alter - one (of two). . . the other (of two)

4. examples:

a. uter puer aegrōtat, Mārcusne an Quīntus? (line 12-3) - which boy is sick, Marcus or Quintus?

b. uterque puer quiētus est (line 10) - both boys are still.

c. neuter puer sē movet (line 10) - neither boy is moving.

d. alter puer dormit, alter vigilat (line 11)- one boy is sleeping, the other is awake

5. Note that these can also be used as pronouns.

B. Duo, duae, duo - the ablative forms

1. masculine and neuter - duōbus

2. feminine - duābus

C. omnis - the opposite of nūllus

1. in the plural masculine and feminine - omnēs - is "everybody", the opposite of nēmō

2. in the plural neuter - omnia - is "everything", the opposite of nihil

II. Case Usages - new things for the dative and ablative

A. Dative of Interest - a noun (or noun phrase) in the dative can be used to indicate the person concerned, benefited or harmed by whatever verb is in the clause. Examples:

1. Bracchium quoque dolet Quīntō (line 4) - literally: With respect to Quintus, his arm also hurts; freely: Quintusʻ arm also hurts.

B. Ablative of Attendant Circumstances - this is leading up to the Ablative Absolute and is similar to that. A phrase with its noun and modifiers in the ablative can be used to indicate the circumstances in which the action of the verb is occuring. Examples:

1. Mārcus fenestrā apertā dormit (line 17) - Marcus sleeps with the window open.

2. Is fenestrā clausā dormit, quia aeger est. (line 18) - He sleeps with the window shut, because heʻs sick.

III. Personal Pronouns -

A. New forms:

1. Tu: accusative and ablative form is tē, dative is tibi

2. Ego: accusative and ablative form is mē, dative is mihi

B. When personal pronouns are the object of the preposition cum, instead of being arranged in the order preposition followed by object, these combine with cum as their suffix, like this: mēcum, tēcum, etc. Example from Psalm 23: ...quoniam tu mēcum es (because thou art with me).

IV. Present Participle - participium praesēns - is part verb and part adjective

A. Forms:

1. first conjugation - vigilāns, vigilantis,

2. second conjugation - dolēns, dolentis

3. third conjugation - bibēns, bibentis,

4. third -iō and fourth conjugation - capiēns, capientis; audiēns, audientis

5. the stem for all cases but the nominative is found by detaching the genitive ending

6. the pattern of vowels between the stem and the ending is ā, ē, ē, iē for the nominative, and for all the rest: a, e, e, ie

B. Declension - these are declined like third declension adjectives.

C. Like all adjectives participles agree in number, case and gender with the nouns they modify.

D. The nominative singular is the same for all three genders.

E. Same information in chart form:

sing.	m/f.	n.
nom.	-ns	-ns
acc.	-ntem	-ns
gen.	-ntis
dat.	-ntī
abl.	-nte/ntī
pl.
nom/acc.	-ntēs	-ntia
gen.	-ntium
dat/abl.	-ntibus

F. Since it is part verb it can take a direct object. Example: Eō modō excitātur Mārcus, et oculōs aperiēns servum apud lectum stantem videt. (line 37-8) Marcus is awakened in this fashion and, opening his eyes, he sees the slave standing next to his bed.

G. One of the best ways to understand these in context is to think of them as alternatives to a relative pronoun clause, which is how they are described in the marginalia. Examples:

1. Gallus canēns novum diem salūtat. (line 19-20) is the same as Gallus quī canit novum diem salūtat.

2. Mārcus caput et manūs tergēns Dāvum interrogat. (line 58) is the same as Mārcus, quī caput et manūs terget, Davum interrogat.

3. Parentēs ā fīliō intrante salūtantur. (line 91) is the same as Parentēs ā fīliō, quī intrat, salūtantur.

V. Verbs - the only thing new here is inquit (he/she says), a defective verb (meaning it does not have all the usual forms) found only in the indicative mood.

A. It only introduces quoted speech, stuff in quotes, direct discourse.

B. It is inserted after one or more words of direct speech, never before the first quoted word.